Muhammad bin Qasim's campaign of Sindh in 712 AD is a much-talked-about history, but the two hundred years of skillful resistance to foreign invaders before that are unknown to many The names of the Indian heroes who resisted this invasion and protected their homeland have been lost to the pages of history, but the successful resistance of their heroism for two hundred years, which resulted in foreign invaders returning defeated and unable to penetrate the Indian soil, has been repeated before the Sindh campaign.
That unknown history is spread over the North-West Frontier of India We have to go there to find out Let us go to the history of two hundred years of failure of Indian heroes on the North-West Frontier of India.
To begin with, it is necessary to know the geography of the North-West Frontier of India Before the Indus campaign of the Arabs, there were three powerful kingdoms on the North-West Frontier of India - Sindh, Kabul and Zabul The largest of these was Sindh, which extended to the north, Punjab, west to the Bolan Pass, and coastal Makran and the hill state of Kikkana (present-day Balochistan and adjoining areas) belonged to Sindh.
The present-day Kandahar province was then known as "Zabul" or "Zabulistan " On the other hand, Kabul was called " Kabulistan," which extended to the north up to Bamiyan Present-day Afghanistan was then "Gandharidra," the princess of Gandhara who was Duryodhana's wife Gandhari in the Mahabharata and the Kamboja kingdom to the west of Gandhara was also part of India.
The Bolan Pass was guarded by the brave Jat warriors of the Kikkana region Further north, Kabulistan and Zabulistan were guarded by the Indian Army The Khyber Pass was thus the gateway to India's northernmost tip.
There were only four routes to the upper region from the west - the Khyber Pass, the Bolan Pass, the Makran Coast Road and the sea route Many people also call the Gomal Pass the gateway The pass then stood on three sides - the Khyber, the Bolan and the Gomal Pass.
Arab forces repeatedly attacked India from all the above routes, but each time they lost the battle to the Indians Arab naval operations from the land route to the waterway failed.
When the Arabs'Indian campaign in Afghanistan failed by land, they attacked by sea, and during the reign of Caliph Omar (< ID1 >), the Arab forces attacked by sea at Debal According to al-Biladuri's "Chachnama," the Arab forces were defeated in battle with the Indians, and the Arab commander was also killed.
The next caliph Ali sent a major expedition against India in 660 AD Arab forces advanced as far as Kikkana in present-day Balochistan This time too, the Arab forces were badly defeated by Indian fighters and a large number of Arab soldiers and commanders were killed Although al-Biladuri reports about this battle in his Chachnama, the Arabs were victorious but turned back on hearing the news of Caliph Ali's death.
But according to historian Dr Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, this was a failed attempt to cover up the humiliation of the defeat.
তাঁর মতে, ---
During the next caliphate, that of Ali, a great expedition was sent against India The people of this country made a brave stand and routed the Muslim army The leader of the Muslim host was killed together with all but a few of his soldiers This is the version of Al Baladhuri.
The Chachnama, on the other hand, relates, that the Muslims achieved a victory at Kikkana, but turned back on hearing of the murder of Ali This seems to be only a thin pretext for hiding the defeat and disgrace, and the version of all Baladhuri seems to be confirmed by later events.
Thus, in the next episode, we will cover the failed foreign campaigns of the country's brave warriors who thwarted Arab raids in India's North-West Frontier and kept their homeland in a state of near-certain safety for two hundred years.
তথ্যসূত্র:
Reading in Political History of India: R C Majumder.
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Anim pariatur cliche reprehenderit, enim eiusmod high life accusamus terry richardson ad squid. 3
wolf moon officia aute, non cupidatat skateboard dolor brunch. Food truck quinoa nesciunt laborum
eiusmod. Brunch 3 wolf moon tempor, sunt aliqua put a bird on it squid single-origin coffee nulla
assumenda shoreditch et. Nihil anim keffiyeh helvetica, craft beer labore wes anderson cred
nesciunt sapiente ea proident. Ad vegan excepteur butcher vice lomo. Leggings occaecat craft beer
farm-to-table, raw denim aesthetic synth nesciunt you probably haven't heard of them accusamus
labore sustainable VHS.
Anim pariatur cliche reprehenderit, enim eiusmod high life accusamus terry richardson ad squid. 3
wolf moon officia aute, non cupidatat skateboard dolor brunch. Food truck quinoa nesciunt laborum
eiusmod. Brunch 3 wolf moon tempor, sunt aliqua put a bird on it squid single-origin coffee nulla
assumenda shoreditch et. Nihil anim keffiyeh helvetica, craft beer labore wes anderson cred
nesciunt sapiente ea proident. Ad vegan excepteur butcher vice lomo. Leggings occaecat craft beer
farm-to-table, raw denim aesthetic synth nesciunt you probably haven't heard of them accusamus
labore sustainable VHS.
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