From the successive tax burdens of "jizya," "khamas," "kharaj" -- massacres of able-bodied men and enslavement of their women and children Despite suffering so much oppression, a large Hindu population of India did not accept Islam Unable to bear the tax burden or oppression of the ruler, they chose a precarious life by taking refuge in the inhospitable mountains and forests, but did not renounce their religion.

Instead, they declared a rebellion and fought from there Moroccan tourists visiting India during the reign of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq found that Hindu rebels had taken refuge in the near impenetrable jungles during the Sultanate (< ID1 > AD).

Also mentioned in Timur Long's autobiography, Malfujat-i-Timuri, Timur's officers warned him of the Indians'defence, saying that the warriors, kings, zamindars and princes of that country (India) live together like wild animals in places where the tree trunk and the branching vegetation make the impenetrable forest even more impenetrable This system was later reported to have been in vogue during the invasion of the country by Babur, the first Mughal emperor of India.

Babur reports that many places were born in impenetrable thorn forests, which served as good defences and were then sheltered by Indians, who became fierce rebels In fact, Babur reached Agra and found no food for them, no grass for horses Seeing all this, Babur's reaction was: "The people of the village are engaged in theft, robbery and plunder, in enmity towards us.

".

However, they did not convert to Islam Many Muslims left Islam during the reign of Emperor Akbar and returned to Hinduism Many Muslim girls married Hindu boys This was also common during Shah Jahan's time On his way back to the capital after the Kashmir campaign, Shah Jahan found Hindu boys from Badauri and Bhimber marrying Muslim girls in accordance with social customs.

Some of the girls had adopted the religion of their Hindu husbands Shah Jahan did not see it coming He declared these marriages illegal and ordered the separation of Muslim wives from their Hindu husbands Later, in 1679, Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb issued the Jizya and countless people from all walks of life gathered in Delhi to protest.

They staged a sit-in outside the palace.

Aurangzeb drove the elephants and horses over the gathering of those protesters Historian Kafi Khan writes about the consequences of this, many of the protesters died after being crushed under the feet of the elephants and horses The rest were forced to pay the jizya Many of those who were forced to accept Islam at the point of the sword, sensing an opportunity, returned to Hinduism.

A notable example in this regard is the capture and conversion of two Deccan brothers - Harihar and Bukka to Islam in 1326 during the reign of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq to Delhi Ten years later, Harihar and Bukka were overthrown Sultan Muhammad bin Tughlaq sent both of these sons of the soil to suppress the rebellion in Deccan.

But Harihar and Bukka returned to Hinduism and founded the powerful Vijayanagara Empire From there, they overthrew Islam The conquest of the city had been a powerful obstacle to Islam in the Deccan for over two hundred years.

So those who say that the Muslim rulers could have converted all the people of India to Islam if they wanted to, reading today's article, will understand how futile their claims are! Rather, one thing can be said with emphasis that they left their villages, took refuge in the hills and forests, sold as slaves in the market, but did not leave their religion.

Those anonymous people of India are still a great example of being a country lover.

References: 1) Ibn Battutah: Travels in Asia and Africa by HAR Gibb (2004), < ID2 >, New Delhi, P-190, < ID5 >) Elliott & amp; Dawson, Vol III, < ID3 >) Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India by < ID1 >, Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi, 1999, P- < ID7 >, < ID6 >) The Oxford History of India by V.

A Smith, 1958, < ID4 >) Calliphs and Sultans: Religious Ideology and Political Praxis, 2004, Rupa & amp; Co , New Delhi, P-211.